The Five Most Common Methods Of Carbon Analysis In Steel

The strength and durability of steel is largely determined by its carbon content. Therefore, it is essential that manufacturers can measure carbon accurately and quickly. Here are the five most commonly used methods for carbon analysis in steel. 

Why Measure Carbon Content?

Different alloys require different carbon content percentages. Some stainless steels require as little as 0.0.3% carbon to be present. To ensure that their materials are compliant with specifications, manufacturers must be able to determine the carbon content to incredibly small degrees of magnitude. 

The reason the amount of carbon is important is because of how it affects the steel. For example, a higher carbon content makes steel harder. The problem is, if it isn’t treated properly, being harder actually means it is less malleable and more likely to break if used incorrectly. The other trade-off is that more carbon decreases the melting point of steel.

The results of incorrectly classified steel can be severe. Steel that breaks or melts will damage the system it is being used in, not to mention incurring replacement costs and a loss of production. If the steel is used in conjunction with human labour, it could also cause injury.

Accurately measuring carbon in steel is vital for any manufacturer who wants to be credible and profitable. 

How To Measure Carbon In Steel

There are many methods for carbon analysis in steel, ranging in efficiency and precision. 

Infrared Absorption

Infrared absorption is when the material being analysed is burned in oxygen.  This method is accurate, but very time consuming.

Visual Spark Analysis

Visual spark analysis involves grinding steel at high speed to produce sparks, spark analysis is thought of as a more antiquated technique. 

OES Sorting

Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) sorting occurs when a sample of the steel is vaporised with electricity or a spark.  Unfortunately, while this method is accurate, it is cumbersome to use. The analysis process takes approximately 30 seconds to complete, and it is also susceptible to skewed results from surface contaminants. 

XRF Analysis

X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) is a non-invasive method for measuring carbon in steel. The main issue with XRF technology when applied to carbon, is the heavy matrix of steel can affect the absorption of radiation created by the X-ray. This means XRF is very useful for classifying what alloy a steel is suited for, in conjunction with LIBS technology.

LIBS Technology

While all of the listed technologies are still widely used, there is a newer technology that is revolutionising how carbon is analysed. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a highly regarded method that has been used in labs, but is available for the first time in a hand-held, field-ready device. 

LIBS technology uses a laser to create a plasma on the surface of the material. This plasma, composed of electronically excited atoms and ions, only exists temporarily. It will rapidly start to revert to its previous form and as it does, wavelengths unique to carbon will be emitted. These wavelengths can then be measured to identify the exact amount of carbon present in the material.

LIBS is highly accurate, quick and efficient to use, and doesn’t damage the steel it is testing. 

Read more about LIBS technology.

Niton Apollo LIBS Analyser

The Niton Apollo LIBS Analyser is the leading hand-held device for carbon analysis in steel. With its simple to use design and ‘point and shoot’ function, there isn’t a more user-friendly method on the market. 

Bring the power of lab analysis to the field with the Niton Apollo’s unmatched speed, superior performance and enhanced productivity. Suitable for examining raw and manufactured materials, scrap and existing assets, there is no steel analysis scenario where you won’t benefit from using the Niton Apollo.

To remain profitable and reputable, it is essential that you correctly measure the carbon composition of your steel materials. Finding a technology that is accurate and efficient is important. If the Niton Apollo sounds like the perfect combination of precision and speed, don’t hesitate to contact us. 

By understanding how to prevent seeds from failing to germinate, and by making the germination process more efficient, the seed industry can have higher and more frequent yields. Learn how advanced image processing is improving the effectiveness of seed germination testing.

What is Seed Germination Testing?

Seed germination refers to the process of a seed becoming hydrated, through to it sprouting. Different seeds sprout under different conditions and over different periods of time. They need varying amounts of water, light and heat, and some even need the seed coating to be damaged in some way before germinating. 

Germination testing is when these complex conditions are categorised through germination experiments in a controlled environment.  

Why is Seed Germination Testing Important?

Seed testing is important because for crops to be viable, the exact conditions for, and duration of, the germination period need to be categorised. If seed use-by-dates are incorrect, or the conditions for germination aren’t accurate, crops can fail to yield. This not only costs the grower the income from the yield, but it also costs them the labour of planting, and the cost of the seeds themselves. 

Seed testing is also important for uncovering insights into how to expedite the germination process. If testing can shorten the germination period, more crops can be harvested more frequently, leading to greater profit margins.

What is Advanced Image Processing?

One way seed testing has been improved is through the addition of advanced image processing. Advanced image processing devices are – in layman’s terms – fridge sized chambers in which seeds can be germinated under a variety of simulated conditions. As the germination process occurs, high clarity images are taken that record information. This information includes:

• The number and dimensions of seeds and seedlings
• Whether seedling germination is normal
• Whether foreign seeds are present
• If any seeds are damaged or poor quality
• The precise times that milestones in the germination process occur

All of this data is essential to understanding the necessary conditions for seeds to germinate.

By recording the seed germination process with greater clarity and detail, seed testers using advanced image processing are able to focus more on development and less on data recording. It also makes it easier for testers to refer to previous results for comparison. 

How does Advanced Image Processing Work?

The usual process for testing a seed batch is time consuming and susceptible to human error. At each stage of germination, testers must manually inspect and count every seed or seedling. They do this by scoring them, usually with a number system. 

Aside from the time taken to complete the task, the scoring relies on the tester to determine the quality of the sample. While testers are highly trained and work within guidelines, this process is inherently qualitative, because no two individuals will agree completely, 100% of the time. 

Advanced image processing photographs the samples and automatically counts and grades them in seconds. The algorithm that does this can be adjusted and refined over time. Essentially, the more results it gets, the more accurate it becomes. This process is exponential. 

Another advantage of advanced image processing is the longevity of physical evidence. Seed samples must eventually be discarded. Seed testers may discover later that there was an unforeseen issue with the sample, but once it’s gone, or has germinated further, they cannot confirm their suspicions. 

With the digitally stored images taken by an advanced image processing device, testers can refer back to previous samples indefinitely. Having access to a body of work, rather than a single sample set, allows them to work with more information and objectivity.

Lemnatec SeedAIxpert Pro

The Lemnatec SeedAIxpert Pro is the fastest digital seed testing system in the market. Its combination of high-resolution imaging and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms ensure that data is taken quickly, accurately and effectively. 

The SeedAIxpert Pro is designed to save testers time on labour, and improve their ability to make breakthroughs. Just a few of its features include:

• Easy to reproduce and standardise results
• Images are easy to create, store and label
• Images are taken with a high-resolution, industrial grade camera
• Label images can be annotated with key data, and are stores in a system that enables easy retrieval
• Data can be easily exported to external devices for long-term storage
• The device is applicable for testing seed production, breeding, genealogy and quality control
• The device can test wild, agricultural, commercial and ornamental plants

With all of these features, it isn’t hard to see why the Lemnatec SeedAIxpert Pro is the leading machine for advanced image processing in the seed germination field. If you would like to learn more about it, click here. 

To enquire about purchasing a SeedAIxpert Pro, don’t hesitate to contact us.

Seed germination testing can be a laborious process, especially if samples fail and need to be re-tested. By embracing advanced image processing, seed testers can make the process more efficient, and more successful. Don’t continue to lose valuable time to data entry that could be spent on experimentation and development – consider advanced image processing. 

Not Out Of The Woods Yet: A Reflection On Last Year’s Timber Shortage And The Importance Of Quality Screening

You may remember that for much of last year, Australia was experiencing a serious timber shortage.

Wood prices skyrocketed because there wasn’t enough of it – leading some to call for the Federal Government to extend their home-building assistance program.

In some cases, supply chain delays for some products were as long as 26 weeks due to the shortage of timber.

Due to the global timber shortage, there were major delays and soaring costs in the building supply chain.

While the crisis has subsided for now, there are some vital lessons to be learnt if you want to have the best chance of remaining profitable if a similar crisis happens again.

What Caused The Timber Shortage?

Several mill closures, shrinking pine plantations and devastating bushfires all contributed to the timber shortage in Australia.

The Morrison government’s Homebuilder program was also more successful than expected – with the resulting rise in demand for timber further straining supply lines.

Due to many countries using construction as an economic stimulus, materials were in high demand globally. 

A strong US housing market, for example, placed pressure on the global supply chain, with the shortage lasting several months.

At the start of 2021, one-fifth of construction timber was imported to Australia. But spot timber prices increased 400% in the US. As a result, international traders sent their entire supplies to the US.

The Suez Canal blockage has also caused shipping costs to rise and created major delays.

In response, domestic timber production increased by 17%, but it still wasn’t enough to meet demand.

What Did The Timber Shortage Mean For Quality Control?

Framing pine was severely lacking across the country – in particular longer lengths, which became very scarce. 

Due to the scarcity of this product, suppliers generally charged resellers more per linear metre for longer lengths. 

Certain types of pine also became limited, such as Radiata Pine frames, and suppliers offered Baltic Pine alternatives.

The Australian Timber Importers Federation convened with a number of northern hemisphere suppliers, in particular from Sweden, Lithuania, Russia and Canada.

Phillip Screpis, owner of Blacktown Building Supplies, turned to sourcing timber from Russia to meet the demand.

“I am saying more no’s than yes’ because of supply. It’s pointless for me to say yes I can do this but I can’t supply you for another three or four months,” Mr Screpis told 9News.

“At the moment when push comes to shove… what do you do?”

With so much timber coming into Australia from Russia, China and other countries, it was vital to be able to determine both the proper value and quality of the material.

Importers like Mr Screpis were able to secure these alternate channels, but determining if the timber they were being supplied with was good quality or not required an edge – and that edge was fast and accurate hyperspectral imaging technology.

The Best Screening Tool For Timber Quality

In wood sciences, hyperspectral imaging is used to assess wood characteristics, chemical composition, mechanical properties, wood modifications, moisture content, and decay.

Wood hardness, shrinkage, and anisotropy are strongly correlated with wood density and microfibril angle. This makes it imperative to understand how these values vary spatially. 

Hyperspec Nano

Headwall’s Nano-Hyperspec® is a completely integrated hyperspectral sensor designed for the VNIR (400-1000nm) spectral range.

A completely integrated lightweight (<0.52kg) VNIR hyperspectral sensor includes on-board data-processing/storage and GPS/IMU. 

A key advantage of Nano-Hyperspec is that it also includes 480GB of on-board data collection/storage, plus attached GPS/IMU functionality. When attached to a payload bay, a UAV can be optimised for other needs such as video or thermal imaging.

How To Apply The HyperSpec Nano

What becomes visible to a hyperspectral sensor between 400 and 1000nm can include the presence of disease conditions on a tree canopy where it otherwise might be invisible from below. This is especially important as Australia ramps up its forestry and timber production.

Natural wood is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, sap, extractives, and organic compounds. In living trees, axial tracheids are the main components that conduct water and provide support. 

Softwoods form early-wood in the spring, consisting of wide and thin-walled tracheids, and thicker late-wood tracheids with smaller cell diameters later in the year. 

There are small chemical differences between early and late-wood. For example, early-wood is known to contain higher levels of lignin than later-wood.

Using complex hyperspectral imaging, the real quality of timber can be better determined. This matters when the material is being used to support frames in homes, for example.

Most wood and timber products are tested in tension, compression, and flexure to determine their ultimate or breaking strength. 

Construction, furniture, and consumer goods are the most common industries that use wood products that undergo mechanical testing.

However, having a hyperspectral imaging tool is faster and more convenient, while offering accurate results on the chemical makeup and inherent quality of the timber in question.

So what’s the main Lesson in hindsight?

Scarcity causes desperation – and desperation led to the Australian market being flooded with cheap material. While this was a necessary measure, for importers without the appropriate hyperspectral imaging tools, quality control became a huge issue.

If Australia faces another timber shortage you want to be well prepared, because just like in last year, you never know when a crisis could emerge again.

Related Link

Science Goes Bush: An Overview Of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

Speak to PAS today for expert guidance on hyperspectral imaging options from Headwall Photonics.

Dangers Of Asbestos – Everything You Need To Know

Asbestos is a mineral formed by a natural process, and is made up of tiny, microscopic fibres. These flexible fibres are resistant to electricity, heat and corrosion, making them a useful mineral used in construction. 

However, inhalation of asbestos fibres can be harmful. Workers in the construction, waste management, and environmental protection agencies are more susceptible to health risks from long-term inhalation of asbestos fibres. 

In this article, we will look at the dangers of asbestos and how you can safely protect yourself when working with it. 

What Are the Dangers of Asbestos? 

Inhalation of asbestos fibres can increase the risk of diseases such as: 

• Asbestosis: a lung disease caused by inhalation of asbestos fibres
• Pleural effusion: excess fluid between the layers of tissue outside the lung, otherwise known as ‘water in the lungs’
• Pleural plaques: thickening of the lining of the lungs
• Pleurisy: inflammation of the tissue between the lungs and the chest 
• Mesothelioma: a rare cancer

Mesothelioma is a rare cancer that occurs inside the tissues that line the body’s internal organs, such as the lungs, heart, and stomach. According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, around 800 people are diagnosed with mesothelioma in Australia each year, making the country one of the highest reported incident cases in the world. 

Although asbestos can be dangerous to your health, understanding asbestos and having a safe plan to manage it can decrease risk significantly.

Why Is Asbestos Dangerous?

Asbestos can be dangerous because of its small fibrous particles which the naked eye cannot see. Inhalation is the primary way asbestos enters the body, and research has shown that smoking can exacerbate asbestos-related diseases by up to 80 times more. 

However, avoidance of asbestos is not always feasible. Many people are exposed to asbestos daily, which may not lead to asbestos-related diseases. This is because small particles of asbestos around us pose little threat.

One of the biggest myths of asbestos particles is that being near them can cause health problems. If left undisturbed, undamaged, and sealed, asbestos can be harmless. It’s only when the asbestos deteriorates or is disturbed that it releases fibre particles that are inhaled.

Hence, you should not panic if your workplace or home has asbestos. Instead, you should determine how much asbestos you are being exposed to and if it is at a dangerous level. 

How Much Asbestos Exposure Is Dangerous? 

Both short-term and long-term exposure to asbestos can cause mesothelioma, but its degree of severity varies based on a few factors. 

Short-Term Exposure

Short-term exposure is exposure to asbestos that’s only for a few days. For example, doing a one-off renovation or moving asbestos for a few days is unlikely to result in any health risk. However, while light, short-term exposure might not cause disease, you should know that asbestos exposure can accumulate for many years. 

Besides that, an extreme burst of short-term asbestos exposure can also cause risks. For example, if you’re exposed to toxic fumes from a damaged building caused by fire or floods, you might have an increased risk of asbestos-related disease. 

Long-Term Exposure

Long-term exposure is considered a heavy and prolonged exposure to asbestos, and it is a likelier cause of asbestos-related health issues. Studies show that up to 10% of people with long-term asbestos exposure, either at work or at home, will develop mesothelioma. Hence, individuals whose work involves repairs, renovations, and maintenance have a higher risk of exposure and may not show symptoms until 20 to 30 years later. 

Family members of workers who work with asbestos may also be at risk, as the asbestos can stick to the worker’s clothes as they return home. This condition is otherwise known as secondhand asbestos exposure.

Most Dangerous Types of Asbestos 

All types of asbestos are dangerous when inhaled, but some asbestos can be more toxic than others. Here are the common types of asbestos: 

Crocidolite

Also known as blue asbestos, crocidolite asbestos is mainly used for commercial products because of its heat resistance. Crocidolite is known as one of the most dangerous types of asbestos. 

Chrystollite

Otherwise known as white asbestos, this type is most frequently used in walls, ceilings, and roofs.

Amosite

This brown-coloured asbestos is commonly used in pipe and thermal insulations. They are also found in cement sheets and ceilings.  

Anthophyllite 

This asbestos can range from brown to yellow and is mainly used in cement and insulation materials.

Tremolite and Actinolite

Generally found in grey, brown, or green in colour, tremolite and actinolite is mainly used in sealants, paint, and insulation.

How to Deal With Asbestos Safely 

Handling any type of asbestos can be potentially dangerous, so here are some tips on doing it safely. 

Tip 1: Identify asbestos using the microPHAZIR™ AS Asbestos Analyzer

Before you begin work, you must verify that the substance you’re working with is asbestos. This will ensure that you take the necessary precautions to protect yourself and those around you. View our asbestos detection page here to learn more.

While asbestos fibres cannot be seen with the naked eye, there’s no need to perform time-consuming lab analysis before your work. Instead, you can now use tools such as the microPHAZIR AS™ Asbestos Analyzer to screen and analyse all six types of asbestos in seconds. 

Tip 2: Wear suitable Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Once you have identified that the substance you’re working with is asbestos, you should proceed with caution and use the appropriate PPE. In most cases, you should be wearing coveralls, respirators, and gloves in most cases. Your PPE should also be disposable, and if possible, avoid wearing wool or any other material that can attract fibres or dust. 

Tip 3: Ensure you work in proper surroundings

Assess the situation on where you work. If you’re working indoors, ensure that the area is as ventilated as possible. You can also cover the floors and furniture with plastic sheets to stop any dust or harmful fibres from sticking to it. If you’re working outdoors, close all windows and doors to prevent the fibres from reaching in, and do not work with asbestos on a windy day. 

Tip 4: Clean-up after handling asbestos 

You should clean the area by vacuuming or dry sweeping the area. Keep dust and debris damp with water, double bag any waste you have, and decontaminate all materials used during the work. Once you’ve cleaned the area, carefully remove your disposable PPE and dispose of it by double bagging the item. 

Working with asbestos may pose a health risk, but with the right tools to identify it, you’ll be able to work around it safely. If you’re in the construction, environmental protection, or waste management industry, contact us to find out how you can instantly test and determine asbestos in materials with the microPHAZIR AS™ Asbestos Analyzer.

Source Links:

• https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/environment/factsheets/Pages/asbestos-and-health-risks.aspx
• https://www.asbestossafety.gov.au/asbestos-health-risks-and-exposure/asbestos-health-risks
• https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/asbestos-toc~asbestos-when-and-where
• https://www.mesothelioma.com/mesothelioma/causes/smoking/
• https://www.asbestos.com/mesothelioma/
• https://www.asbestos123.com/news/what-is-the-most-dangerous-type-of-asbestos/
• https://www.asbestos.vic.gov.au/in-the-home/find-manage-remove-dispose/managing-asbestos/dos-and-donts-for-working-with-asbestos
• https://www.mesothelioma.com/asbestos-exposure/handling/

Here Comes The Next Gold Rush

As growing global economic uncertainty rises, the price of Gold has surged to its highest price in decades at over US $2000 per ounce. Rising by approx. 17% in the last 12 months, Gold is seen as a stable and valuable investment amidst stock market volatility, global currency fluctuations, and the looming threat of inflation.

With this recent Gold rush, it is more important than ever for jewellers, pawnbrokers, and other precious metal dealers to ensure they are getting the best value for their products. This is where the Niton XL2 comes in – with its industry-leading accuracy and precision, the Niton XL2 helps dealers test and grade their gold quickly and easily, ensuring they are getting the most value for their products.

What’s Causing the Spiking Gold Price?

There are a number of factors that have contributed to the recent surge in gold prices. Some of these include:

1. Uncertainty in the global economy – The recent Russian-Ukrainian conflict has led to fears of inflation and a flight to safer investments, such as gold.

2. Low interest rates – when interest rates are low, gold becomes more attractive as an investment since other options offer relatively low returns.

3. Increased demand from emerging markets – as developing economies continue to grow, there is an increasing demand for gold jewellery and other luxury items.

4. Limited supply – The Russian-Ukrainian conflict has caused many investors to worry about potential disruptions to the global supply of gold, with Russia being the world’s 3rd largest producer of Gold.

What Does This Mean for Gold Trading?

The recent increase in gold prices is likely to lead to increased trading activity in the near future. This could present a great opportunity for investors who are looking to capitalise on the trend. While some volatility is to be expected, gold is still seen as a relatively safe investment, especially in times of political and economic uncertainty.

The Importance of Accurate Gold Testing

In order to make informed investment decisions, it is important to use accurate gold testing methods. This is especially true in light of the recent price increase, as there is a higher potential for fraud and misrepresentation.

There are a number of different gold testing methods available, but not all of them are reliable. In some cases, inaccurate results can lead to costly mistakes. Here are some of the most common methods that can often be inaccurate:

Gold Testing with Acid

One of the most popular gold testing methods is acid testing. This involves dissolving a small amount of gold in acid and observing the reaction. If there is a precipitate, the metal is considered to be gold.

While this test can be used to determine the presence of gold, it cannot be used to accurately measure its purity. As a result, it is not recommended for use in trading.

Gold Testing with Fire

Another common gold testing method is fire testing. This involves heating a sample of gold until it melts and then observing the colour of the flame.

However, this method is also ineffective because different alloys will produce different colours in the flame.

Gold Testing with a Magnet

Another inaccurate method of gold testing is using a magnet. This involves placing a small sample of gold near a magnet and observing the reaction. If the metal is attracted to the magnet, it is considered to be gold.

This test is not always accurate because other metals, such as iron, can also be attracted to magnets.

How to Ensure Accurate Gold Testing

The most accurate way to test gold is through the use of a precious metal analyser. This device uses a range of sophisticated sensors to measure the purity and composition of gold accurately. As a result, it is the preferred method for traders and investors who want to ensure accuracy in their transactions.

Precious metal analysers are not always easy to use, but with the right training, they can provide accurate and reliable results. By using a precious metal analyser, investors can be sure that they are getting the best possible value for their money.

For Fast & Accurate Analysis Look No Further Than the Niton XL2 & DXL

When it comes to fast and accurate gold analysis, the Niton XL2 & DXL precious metal analysers are the tools of choice. With their range of sophisticated sensors, the XL2 & DXL can provide traders and investors with precise results in seconds. This makes it the perfect device for taking advantage of the recent spike in gold prices.

The Niton XL2 & DXL are also easy to use, with a simple interface that makes it easy to get the most out of your analysis. Whether you are a trader or an investor, the Niton XL2 and Niton DXL can ensure accuracy and precision in your gold transactions.

PAS are exclusive suppliers of the Niton XL2 and DXL Precious Metal Analysers in Australia, New Zealand and PNG. If you’re looking to take advantage of this price spike and improve the reliability of your operation, these analysers are essential.

Give us a call today to find out more about our gold testers and discuss the benefits to you.

Press Release: PAS Awarded Government Grant To Develop Asbestos Testing Solution

Portable Analytical Solutions Pty Ltd (PAS) has just been awarded a $98,500 Federal Government Grant to develop a real-time and accurate asbestos testing solution.

PAS is one of only five companies to be awarded this grant from the Federal Government. They will be attempting to develop technology that solves the long and time-consuming process of asbestos identification.

Asbestos is still a major ongoing issue in Australia. It is estimated 1 in 3 homes are still being affected nationwide. In fact, asbestos waste has continued to increase since 2006 with over 1.3 million tonnes of waste containing asbestos being disposed of in 2019-20. (Asbestos waste data in Australia)

Every year in Australia, there are an estimated 4,000 deaths from past exposure to asbestos. That’s twice as many people as road deaths.

In homes built before 1990, asbestos can still be found both inside and outside the home. People and trades working on homes built before 1990 must be extra vigilant about asbestos. 

There are currently no approved methods to quickly test and identify Asbestos. Material samples must be sent to laboratories for testing and analysis to determine if asbestos is in the material. This process often takes days and potentially over a week for results.

The result of this is Asbestos remediation can be slow. Sites exposed to asbestos can be shut down for extended periods while waiting for test results. Having major financial and public health impacts.

A real-time solution will allow for immediate identification of materials so the site can be made safe and correct containment procedures used.

The Federal government has put the challenge to industry to develop a solution to this National and International problem.

As a local technology company, PAS has been supplying and enhancing portable scientific instrumentation with a range of technologies and industries for over 12 years. Based on the Central Coast of NSW. 

They supply a range of scientific analysis devices. Many of their devices are used in Mining, Defence, Heavy Industry, Environmental and Agriculture.

PAS has received this grant to further develop existing technology to solve the asbestos issue. By enhancing Near-Infrared technology (NIR), testing for asbestos will be enabled through a handheld device that delivers accurate results in a matter of seconds.

Their Managing Director Paul Martin has over 20 years in the industry and previously worked in the US as a Solutions Engineer for one of the largest scientific equipment companies in the world.

“By initiating this grant, the Federal Government is acknowledging the significant ongoing issue of asbestos. Particularly the issue of delayed identification of asbestos material which has a significant cost to industry and public health.’ Paul said.

Paul is confident they will be able to develop a solution to this national issue. “With the MicroPhazir we have already been able to calibrate it to successfully detect asbestos. In fact, we can already detect the 6 forms of asbestos.” 

What this grant allows us to do is test more samples, refine the software algorithms and further calibrate the machines. This will improve the accuracy of the devices and ensure they meet Australian conditions.”

The enhancement of this technology could also have International applications. The lack of an approved rapid asbestos identification is a worldwide issue.

“Australia is one of the leading advocates for Asbestos awareness and eradication in the world. As we solve one piece of the challenge here, we’ll then be able to take this solution to the world.” Paul said.

If PAS is successful in developing its solution it could mean great employment opportunities for the Coast. They will need to expand facilities and ramp up service capabilities to distribute locally and internationally.

don’t come up a cropper – seed quality testing promises a bumper harvest

Crop health and yield are highly influenced by seed quality. 

Low-quality seeds lead to weak seedlings and slow germination. 

Agricultural seed testing can prevent challenges like cold soil, soil-borne pathogens, and other unfavourable conditions. 

Further, the rise in demand for organic seeds has led to an increase in the availability of high-quality seeds crucial for our food and nutrition.

Seeds are outstandingly important – most plants propagate via seeds and for many crops, e.g. cereals and oil seeds, the seeds are the essential part of the harvest.

Determining seed quality is a key step in plant research, seed breeding, seed production, seed trade, and seed storage and maintenance in gene banks. 

This implies the properties of the seed as well as germination characteristics, together with tests for purity or weed contamination in seed batches.

Many protocols are available that determine how to test the seed features, seed batch properties, seed germination, or seedling emergence.

What Makes A Good Seed? 

Required variety	Analytical purity
Good plant establishment	Freedom from disease

Digital Seed Testing

Digital seed testing tools do not change the testing process as such, but they provide an assistance and documentation system for the inspection process. 

By complementing the visual inspection, they improve the process so that it is better standardised, repeatable, person-independent and high-throughput.

The digital systems work with images recorded from the seed – or seedling – samples. 

Recording images has two major goals – first, image processing extracts features that are relevant for the inspection as such, and second, images serve as documentation of the sample material at the moment of the inspection. 

Already the documentation via the recorded images is an advantage over the visual scoring process where numbers are noted down. 

The documentation allows re-inspection of the material at later times, if required. 

The main advantage is the feature extraction, of course. 

The feature extraction recognises whether a seed has germinated, a seedling has emerged, and it delivers information on the quality. 

The quality information can comprise shoot- and root-dimensions, geometrical measures of the seedlings or colour distributions in the seedlings.

Feature extraction can take advantage of classical image processing, but advanced machine learning is becoming more prominent recently. 

The machine learning processes allow to train the algorithms according to user-specific sample material and to better discriminate normal from abnormal seedlings. 

Thus, the identification of usable seedlings is only possible by using machine learning tools.

Seed testing analyses the physical quality of a seed line. 

A sample of seed is drawn from a seed line and is tested according to International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) procedures. 

Results of the analysis relate to the sample as received unless drawn from a seed lot that meets the conditions for the issuance of a Certified or ISTA Certificate of Analysis.

Types Of Seed Tests

Some commonly conducted seed tests include:

• Purity analysis
• Germination analysis
• Weed seed search
• Seed identification
• Weight determination (1000 seed weight)
• Tetrazolium
• Sprouting
• Moisture content
• Vigour
• Quarantine inspection

PAS’ wide range of seed testing products

Hyperspec NIR	Hyperspec VNIR	Hyperspec SWIR	LABSPEC NIR SPECTROMETERS
Field Scanalyzer	HyperAIxpert	PhenoAIxpert	Growscreen Rhizo

More here: LemnaTec’s solutions available through PAS

Growscreen Rhizo

While most phenotyping solutions focus on above-ground traits of the plants, roots are usually hidden in soil and thus not accessible to measurements. 

To make them visible, specific cultivation measures are available. 

The Growscreen Rhizo uses soil-filled rhizoboxes placed at 45° angle that have a transparent plate where roots are visible for recording. 

In collaboration with and under licence of the Forschungszentrum Jülich, LemnaTec offers the Growscreen Rhizo as combined root- and shoot-phenotyping system. 

Core component is an image acquisition cabinet with high-resolution cameras focused on the roots and the shoots of the plants. 

Thereby, classical shoot imaging is done simultaneously with precision root imaging. The cabinet is also equipped with dedicated illumination to enable optimal image recording.

For more details, download the Growscreen Rhizo brochure (PDF).

Lemnatec™ Field Scanalyzer

The Field Scanalyzer Gantry System is a 3-axis sensor-to-plant phenotyping system. The design and construction is based on an industrial portal crane system. 

The x-axis is guided along a rail system underpinned by concrete piles driven into the ground so as to allow natural drainage and no impediments as traditional concrete footings may act as flow barriers.

In x-direction, length is only limited by the cabling requirements; one of our customer installations reaches 500 m length. 

The y axis is orthogonal to the rails and bears the lifting unit for the container with the sensing equipment. In the y-direction, customised width, e.g. 10 m, 20 m or 30 m is possible to span over a given growth area. 

The z axis serves to lift up and down the container with the sensor equipment.

Having environmental sensors on board, the Field Scanalyzer records climatic data during all phenotypic measurements so that users find phenotype and environment data linked in the database.

For more details, visit the PAS website.

PhenoAIxpert

The Lemnatec™ PhenoAIxpert is the versatile phenotyping system for laboratories – your entry into the phenotyping world.

• For many sample types in plant research, breeding and beyond
• Save time and labor in phenotyping
• Reproducible and standardisable through unified image and information storage, and analyses
• The laboratory phenotyping system is available in three versions – PhenoAIxpert, PhenoAIxpert Pro, PhenoAIxpert Root
• Application-oriented analytical workflows

For more details, download the Lemnatec™ PhenoAIxpert brochure (PDF).

LabSpec NIR Spectrometers

Portable, laboratory-grade instrumentation for fast-moving environments, LabSpec performs rapid, non-destructive qualitative and quantitative materials analysis using state-of-the-art NIR technology.

With options in Standard-Res, High-Res and Benchtop analysers, these spectrometers are optimised for rapid analysis, providing instant results with no sample preparation.

• Evaluate hundreds of samples per day
• Real-time ID of liquid and solid spectral characteristics
• Measure multiple properties simultaneously
• Compatible with ASD sampling accessories

For more details, visit the PAS website.

Taking It To The Limit: An Essential Guide To XRF Detection Limits

The most important characteristic of an analytical procedure is the limit of detection, particularly in the analyses of toxic substances in the environment.

The detection limit of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) is better than that of EDS (Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) and the concentration of trace elements can be accurately detected using XRF. 

What Is XRF Spectrometry?

A XRF spectrometer detects and measures X-rays emitted from atoms of a sample that has been irradiated. 

Some atoms in a sample are stimulated to a higher energy level using a beam of x-rays directed into them. 

It is related to the concentration of the element in the sample, but the intensity of the fluorescent radiation depends on several factors. 

Detection limits for most elements are 2-20 ng/cm2 for micro samples, thin samples, aerosols, and liquids. 

XRF analysis has the additional advantage that a sample does not need to be dissolved, so insoluble residues aren’t likely to be present. 

PAS’ XRF instruments can be carried in the field, making them ideal for quick, real-time measurements. Our range includes:

• Niton XL2 (Portable Handheld XRF)
• Niton XL2 Plus (Portable Handheld XRF)
• Niton XL3 (Portable Handheld XRF)
• Niton XL5 (Portable Handheld XRF)
• Niton DXL (Bench Top XRF)
• Fluxana Sample Preparation 

What can XRF detect?

A comprehensive range of elements can be detected and measured through X-ray fluorescence, ranging from uranium (the heaviest), all the way down to magnesium and beryllium.

In principle, the lightest element that can be analysed is beryllium, but due to instrumental limitations and low X-ray yields for the light elements, it is often difficult to quantify elements lighter than sodium).

Because XRF enables the simultaneous detection of elements, it is well suited to rapid qualitative, quantitative and semi-quantitative analyses of materials. It can detect concentrations from 100 per cent down to below parts per million.

XRF is a versatile method of analysis used in various disciplines and sectors. Here are some examples:

• Multi-elemental analyses of rocks, soils, and sediment samples are carried out with this technique
• Paint samples can be analysed qualitatively using XRF
• A wide range of elements in herbal medicines have also been analysed clinically, biologically, and pharmaceutically by using this method
• Construction industry researchers use XRF to determine the composition of metal alloys and cement
• Testing and developing a new product, as well as safety and quality control, are key areas where XRF can help

The advantages of XRF

As a common x-ray technique, XRF can measure a wide range of elements, such as the percentage of metals within inorganic materials.

Here are its main advantages:

• It is generally non-destructive, so you can test sample materials without posing any risk to them
• XRF allows for simple and fast sample preparation, and it has low running costs. It does not involve applying any gases, liquids or acids in the testing process, which means it is a highly adaptable technique for use on-site at different locations. This is especially valuable for production-line testing
• XRF spectroscopy instruments require no daily re-calibration

What affects XRF performance?

Matrix effects: XRF performance is affected by matrix effects, such as fine-grained versus coarse-grained materials. Chemical properties of the matrix can also affect XRF performance.	Operator skills: XRF performance is influenced by the proficiency of the operator. The operator should practice consistent and correct preparation and presentation of samples.	Contaminant concentrations: Contaminants may be exceeding the calibration ranges. There may be interference effects from other contaminants.
Measurement time:  A longer measurement/count time will result in better precision.	Sample preparation:  A better sample preparation means more accurate XRF results.	Interference effects: Spectral lines from two or more elements may overlap, distorting results.

For help with XRF screening, detection and identification, Portable Analytical Solutions has an effective, real-time and reliable solution. Contact us today.

Source Links:

• https://www.scimed.co.uk/education/what-is-x-ray-fluorescence/ 
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/x-ray-fluorescence 
• https://www.scimed.co.uk/education/what-is-x-ray-fluorescence/ 
• https://clu-in.org/conf/tio/xrf_081108/prez/XRF_02pdf.pdf 
• https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard-Rousseau/publication/228687395_Detection_limit_and_estimate_of_uncertainty_of_analytical_XRF_results/links/54412b880cf2e6f0c0f60208/Detection-limit-and-estimate-of-uncertainty-of-analytical-XRF-results.pdf 
• https://www.materials-talks.com/2020/01/07/the-basics-of-elemental-analysis-with-xrf-qa/ 

A Bullion Reasons To Back Australia’s Gold Industry

Gold is big business in Australia.

More than 30,000 Australian jobs depend on the gold industry, in addition to more than 200,000 jobs that are indirectly related to gold.

Australia is home to more than 65 gold mines, making it the world’s second largest gold producer.

And 14 of the world’s biggest gold mines are in Australia – 11 of them in Western Australia.

It also generates millions of dollars in royalties, which governments use to fund infrastructure and community services.

For the first half of 2021, Australia produced four tonnes more gold than China.

Here’s Australia’s gold production forecast until 2023 (in metric tons):

Perth Mint listed products and investment research manager Jordan Eliseo told Australian Mining gold has been one of the safest commodities of the past 24 months.

The Perth Mint in Western Australia reported an underlying pre-tax profit of $56 million on turnover of $26.35 billion for the 2020-21 financial year. This is a record in the mint’s 122-year history. 

 

The Properties of Gold

Chemical symbol	Au (from Latin: aurum)
Ore	Usually found as a native metal
Relative density	19.3 g/cm3
Hardness	2.5-3 on Mohs scale
Malleability	High
Ductility	High
Melting point	1064°C
Boiling point	2970°C

The most common gold compounds are auric chloride (AuCl3) and chlorauric acid (HAuCl4). A mixture of one part nitric acid with three of hydrochloric acid is called aqua regia (because it dissolved gold, the King of Metals). It is unaffected by air and most reagents.

Why Proper Testing Equipment Is Important

A number of minerals are commonly mistaken for gold; they are often referred to as “fools gold”. 

These include pyrite (FeS2) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). 

They can be distinguished from gold by scratching it – the powder (streak) produced will be black. 

If gold is scratched the powder will be a gold colour.

Portable XRF analysers are ideal for jewellers, refiners and pawn shops – and many are used at the Perth Mint in multiple departments – to test the purity and composition of their precious metals. XRF quickly provides the exact percentages of all elements within an item, easily identifying:

• Karat and concentration of gold
• Non-standard materials
• Under-karated materials
• Sophisticated counterfeit precious metals that acid testing is incapable of differentiating 

Portable XRF analysers are also used for the mining/geology industries, as they can be operated virtually anywhere on site and easily accommodate a wide variety of samples, with little or no sample preparation.

This makes them substantially advantageous in mining operations, because it provides immediate feedback and allows for quick decision making, including:

• Whether to stop or continue drilling
• When to make equipment relocation decisions
• Where to focus on the grid
• When to select a sample for laboratory analysis
• The real-time analysis of a handheld XRF also prequalifies samples for off-site lab analysis, which ensures only the best samples are evaluated.

The Right Gold-Testing Tools

Niton™ XL2 Precious Metal AnalyserThermo Fisher Scientific – XRF	Niton™ DXL AnalyserThermo Fisher Scientific – Bench Top XRF
Standard analytical range: >25 elements from S to U (varies by application). Point and shoot simplicity—very easy to use even by nontechnical personnel Ideally suited for retail environments Non-destructive analysis with near-instantaneous results Ergonomic design	Innovative colour touch-screen display and touch-screen keyboard Improved intuitive interface CCD Camera Large sample chamber with a back window for customer view Optional small spot for the isolation of small components
Learn more	Learn more

• Read the full XRF Technology ebook from Thermo Scientific. (PDF)

The Benefits Of Niton Portable XRF Analysers

These tools offer instantaneous, accurate and non-destructive precious metals analysis.

When quick and informed decisions need to be made to ensure the profitability of a transaction in precious metals trading, or to make sure jewellery is free of toxic substances or coatings, the use of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy can be invaluable.

Thermo Scientific Niton portable XRF desktop and handheld analysers provide pawn shops, cash-for-gold businesses, jewellers, recyclers and refineries with fast, reliable and accurate results for:

• Determination of karat grade and fineness
• Analysis of all precious metals including gold
• Analysis of alloying elements like copper, zinc, nickel, etc.
• Analysis of toxic elements like cadmium or lead etc.
• Detection of gold plating presence with patented AuDIT Technology

Unlike traditional test methods, all precious metals and alloys, in various sizes and shapes are tested completely non-destructively.

Contact PAS for expert guidance about the Thermo Fisher Scientific Niton DXL or the Niton XL2, and which will best suit your gold-testing needs.

Don’t Paint Yourself Into A Corner – The Safest Way To Test For Lead

There is toxic lead all around us due to historical industrial processes, plus the old lead-based paints used in residential buildings and in industrial applications.

There are three ways to test for lead in paint: X-ray fluorescence, laboratory analysis and chemical test kits.

However, the NSW Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promotes XRF methods and laboratory analysis as best practices for accurate testing for lead in paint. 

It found chemical test kits can’t differentiate between lead-based paint and other paint accurately, and can’t be trusted to measure the extent of lead-based paint on a surface.

How XRF Works In Lead Paint Detection And Analysis

XRF instruments measure the amount of lead on a painted surface by exposing the surface to high-energy radiation (gamma rays in this case). 

The radiation causes lead to emit x-rays at a characteristic frequency. 

The intensity of the rays is measured by the instrument’s detector and converted to a number that represents the amount of lead per unit area (usually in milligrams per square centimetre). 

Operators of XRF machines require special training, which is provided by PAS.

By using the XRF instrument, the amount of lead in paint, both surface and buried can be determined immediately.

There is no damage to the painted surface during the test.

In cases of inconclusive measurements or irregular surfaces, a laboratory analysis of paint chip samples is recommended.  XRF readings tell how much lead is beneath the surface. 

Results are reported in milligrams per square centimetre. If the reading is greater than 1 milligram per square centimetre (1.0 mg/cm2), then the surface is considered a lead surface. Usually more than one XRF reading is taken for a surface. The average of those readings is the result.

The Niton™ XLp-300 Series XRF Analyser

The detection and remediation of environmental contaminants from industrial and mining operations is a global challenge. 

When versatility, low limits of detection and high sample throughput are critical, industrial businesses rely on the handheld Niton™ XLp-300 Series XRF Analyser.

Perform elemental analysis for residential lead paint testing and measure environmental contaminants in consumer goods, helping public health and environmental professionals pinpoint the lead’s location.

Identify the sources of isotope-based contamination and confirm that clearance criteria have been achieved after abatement.

Utilise the Niton™ XLp-300 Series XRF Analyser to collect and analyse site samples to meet risk screening assessment requirements.

• Analyse samples in situ, while providing information on heavy metal contaminates.
• Detect RCRA metals, pollutants and analytes with fast, legally defensible results.
• Achieve instant results at a fraction of the time and cost of off-site lab testing.

Use of the Niton XLp-300

The Standard Mode icon allows you to select the Lead-in-Paint Standard Mode. Standard Mode is a qualitative analysis designed for a 95% confidence level as to whether the sample is above or below the Action Level. This mode tends to give very fast readings. as it terminates the test as soon as 95% confidence has been achieved.

The K+L Mode icon allows you to select the Lead-in-Paint K+L 28 Proprietary & Confidential Mode. K+L Mode is a quantitative analysis that allows you to determine the statistical confidence of the reading to a 95% Confidence Level while allowing you the flexibility of continuing the test for as long as you wish up to the (user-definable) maximum test time.

Does My Property Have Lead Paint?

The older the paint in your house, the higher the risk it contains lead. 

The majority of homes in Australia built before 1970 contain lead paint (with lead content as high as 50% in most cases).

For homes built in Australia between 1970 and 1997, lead levels in paint were allowed to be up to 1%. This remains a substantial amount. As a point of reference, the acceptable lead content in the USA has been reduced from 0.006% back in 1978 to 0.0009% in 2009.

Since 2010, paints in Australia have been completely banned from adding lead (and is still limited to 0.1% and 0.2% for zinc-based paints).

Attempting to disturb old paint coatings if small amounts of lead are present can result in serious health risks, both to the occupant(s) and to any contractors.

What If There’s Lead Paint On Your Property?

Your hazardous materials survey may be outdated if you were in business and a previous survey found no lead paint on your premises. 

According to new standards, lead-containing paint will now be considered to be paint with a concentration of less than 1% but greater than .1%.

The risk of lead paint is reduced or controlled temporarily if you test for the presence of lead paint inside or outside your property.

Painting over chipping or peeling lead-based paint does not make it safe. You must first safely remove it before repainting.

Enlist a certified lead abatement contractor to eliminate lead paint hazards. For lead hazards to be permanently removed, either the paint must be removed or special materials must be sealed or enclosed. 

Lead-Based Paint Inspection

Lead-based paint is identified during an inspection of any interior or exterior surface. You can use it when you’re doing a renovation, painting, or having paint removed.

An inspector will examine every surface within and outside of the house, including surfaces covered in wallpaper. 

Samples are evaluated with a portable XRF device to determine whether the paint contains lead without damaging it, and it is a fast and accurate method of identifying whether it contains lead or not. 

Should the test results not be conclusive, samples of paint can be removed and sent for laboratory analysis.

People Renovating Their Houses Are In The Most Danger

Home renovators may not be aware that they are creating lead hazards. It is possible for old paint chips and lead dust to remain in the garden for years after the work is completed if it is not properly handled. 

By using blasting, burning, dry scraping, dry sanding, and power tools to remove paint, the particles become too small to be properly removed. They also get deposited on furnishings or carpets, making complete removal almost impossible.

The Dangers Of Lead Paint

What’s the problem with lead-based paint?

Lead is a heavy metal poison that accumulates in the body.

Paint dust, paint flake or paint waste contains hazardous levels of lead, which when swallowed or inhaled can be very harmful to humans.

Children, pregnant women or nursing mothers should be kept well away from surfaces or areas where lead paint is being disturbed and any contact with lead paint dust and debris should be avoided. 

Aging flaking paint, airborne dust particles from sanding, or smoke produced from burning it off are the foremost causes of lead poisoning in homes. 

Elevated lead levels in the blood and accumulation of the toxin in the body left untreated can result in brain damage or death.

If exposure to lead has occurred or is suspected, then see a doctor for a blood test to determine what action is needed.

What Regulations Apply To Lead Paint?

Councils are given the authority to prevent pollution caused by lead hazards under the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997. The Government can issue a prevention notice to anyone acting in an environmentally hazardous manner.

There is a fine for failing to comply with the following clauses in the Work Health and Safety Regulation 2017:

• “A person conducting a business or undertaking at a workplace must assess each lead process carried out by the business or undertaking at the workplace to determine if lead risk work is carried out in the process.”
• “A person conducting a business or undertaking at a workplace must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that contamination by lead is confined to a lead process area at the workplace.”
• “A person conducting a business or undertaking at a workplace must ensure that any measures implemented to control health risks from exposure to lead at the workplace are reviewed and as necessary revised.”

What Is Being Done By The Government?

The Department of the Environment has produced the booklet Lead Alert – The Six Step Guide to Painting Your Home (PDF).

Governments aim to control the amount of lead going into the environment by:

• Limiting the amount of lead in domestic paints – since December 1997 the limit has been 0.1 per cent;
• Placing controls on the disposal of lead-contaminated waste; and
• Informing home renovators and professionals about the dangers of paint containing lead, and providing advice on the safest way to deal with it.

PAS provides leading lead paint analysis solutions and support. For more information specifically on the Thermo Fisher Scientific Niton™ XLp-300 Series XRF analyser, or our full range of products and how they can help your business, please give us a call today.