GPS is now so ingrained in everyday life that we rarely think about its origins. Yet, behind this essential technology is Gladys West, a mathematician whose pioneering work shaped modern navigation systems. 

It’s time we recognise her vital,  yet often overlooked, role in this global innovation.

What was Gladys West’s role in GPS development?

Gladys West played a pivotal role in developing GPS by using satellite technology and mathematical modelling. Her work helped define the shape of the earth and GPS satellite trajectories, laying the foundation for global positioning and modern navigation systems.

From Virginia to the Navy: The Journey of Gladys West

Born in 1930 in Sutherland, Virginia, Gladys West was determined to escape a life of farming. Her academic talent earned her a full scholarship to Virginia State College, where she pursued mathematics—a field dominated by men.

After obtaining her master’s degree, West became a schoolteacher. However, her ambitions led her to the U.S. Naval Proving Ground in 1956, where she was hired as the second African-American woman at the facility.

It was here that her groundbreaking contributions to satellite technology would begin, laying the foundation for her future work with GPS.

How Gladys West Revolutionised GPS Technology

At the U.S. Navy, West worked on refining the understanding of the Earth’s geoid, using satellite data and advanced mathematical models. These models allowed for precise GPS satellite positioning, revolutionising how we navigate and communicate globally.

Her work with data from satellite missions like Seasat and GEOSAT was essential in creating accurate models of the Earth’s shape. These models helped calculate orbital paths used by GPS satellites.

West’s expertise in Fortran IV programming and mathematical modelling helped turn raw satellite data into precise positioning systems. This work would become the cornerstone of modern GPS technology.

The Impact of West’s Work on Modern Life and PAS Solutions

GPS has become integral to how we navigate, communicate, and conduct business globally. It powers innovations across industries, enabling location-based services, travel, and logistics.

At PAS, we rely on GPS technology for solutions like hyperspectral imaging and remote sensing, which use GPS to collect precise data across vast areas. This helps industries like mining, agriculture, and environmental monitoring make informed decisions in their operations.

A Legacy of Perseverance and Groundbreaking Achievement

Gladys West’s journey as an African-American woman in a male-dominated, racially divided field is a story of resilience. Overcoming both gender and racial barriers, she made groundbreaking contributions to science that went unrecognised for decades.

In 2018, West received long-overdue recognition when she was inducted into the U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers Hall of Fame. More awards followed, including the Webby Lifetime Achievement Award and the IEEE President’s Award in 2024.

West’s story is a powerful reminder that innovation often emerges from unexpected places. Her legacy continues to inspire anyone pushing boundaries in their fields.

Key Takeaways

Gladys West’s journey from rural Virginia to becoming a pioneer in GPS technology is a story of resilience and determination. Her ability to overcome societal and professional barriers serves as an inspiration, not only for women and minorities but for anyone striving to achieve greatness.

Portable Analytical Solutions

Here at PAS, we too owe a lot to innovators like West. We are inspired to continue the push for innovation and dedication to precision, providing cutting-edge solutions that continue to shape industries. Like West, we strive to push boundaries and deliver results that make a difference.

For expert advice and to explore the range of portable analytical devices available, get in touch with Portable Analytical Solutions today. 

Our team is here to help you find the right devices for your needs.

Lab Vs Portable Analysis: Pros and Cons

While portable devices aren’t new, the debate between portable and lab-based analysis continues to shape industries. Whether you’re working in mining, environmental science, or agriculture, the tools you choose can significantly impact efficiency, cost, and accuracy.

Portable Analytical Solutions (PAS) offers a range of portable devices that bring the power of analysis directly to your worksite. But how do these portable options stack up against traditional lab analysis? 

Lab vs portable analysis – let’s delve into the benefits and drawbacks of each and see who wins!

What is Portable Analysis?

Portable analysis is the use of compact, mobile devices to detect and measure elements on-site. 

Designed for fieldwork, these tools provide immediate results without needing lab-based testing. Their portability allows professionals to conduct real-time analyses and make on-the-spot decisions, ideal for fast-paced or remote environments.

What is Lab Analysis?

Lab analysis examines samples in a controlled laboratory environment, using advanced, stationary equipment for detailed analysis. While it provides highly accurate and comprehensive data, the process involves longer turnaround times and logistical challenges, including sample preparation and transportation.

Portable vs Lab Analysis: Which is Better?

The truth is, one isn’t ‘better’ than the other, but each serves different purposes and depending on your needs one might be the best solution for you.

Pros of Portable Analysis

Portable analysis devices have great features and uses. There’s a reason they are fast becoming prevalent in the field for many different industries. 

• Immediate Results: Portable devices allow for on-the-spot analysis, enabling quick and informed decision-making
• Cost-Effective: Reduces the need for sample transportation and lab fees, making it a more affordable option for many applications
• Versatile: Portable devices suit a variety of environments, from remote locations to industrial sites
• Convenience: Easy to transport and use, making them ideal for fieldwork where accessibility is key

Pros of Lab Analysis

The controlled environment provided through lab analysis is the highest accuracy you can expect when analysing a sample – which is why there is still a place for labs in the modern world of analysis. 

• High Accuracy: Lab analysis is often more precise, thanks to the controlled environment and advanced equipment
• Comprehensive Data: Labs can conduct a wider range of tests, providing a more detailed analysis
• Standardisation: Lab processes are standardised, ensuring consistency and reliability in results
• Expertise: Labs are staffed with trained professionals who can interpret complex data and provide expert insights

Cons of Portable Analysis

While portable analysis devices are incredibly useful for most analysis, for certain situations lab testing is required. 

• Limited Precision: While portable devices are highly effective, they may not match the precision of lab-based equipment
• Restricted Testing Range: Portable devices may not offer the same breadth of analysis as lab equipment
• Potential for Operator Error: Results can be influenced by the conditions in the field or the skill level of the operator

Cons of Lab Analysis

Sometimes the tradeoff for accuracy isn’t worth the potential cost and delays that come with lab analysis methods. 

• Time-Consuming: The process of collecting, transporting, and analysing samples in a lab can be slow, leading to delays in decision-making and halting operations
• Higher Costs: Lab analysis typically involves higher costs due to equipment use, technician expertise, and sample transport
• Inflexibility: Lab analysis requires samples to be sent to a specific location, which can be a logistical challenge, particularly in remote areas

Who Needs Portable Analytical Devices

Portable analytical devices are most needed by professionals who require immediate, on-site analysis in industries where real-time decision-making is crucial. This includes:

• Mining: For rapid mineral and element detection directly at the mining site
• Precious Metals: Identification of the presence and quality of precious metals
• Environmental Science: For field-based environmental monitoring and assessment
• Agriculture: For soil testing and crop monitoring to optimise yield
• Alloy Manufacturing: For on-the-spot quality control of metal compositions
• Asbestos Screening: A safe, fast way to screen for asbestos at scale

It’s Time to Go Portable

Choosing between portable vs lab analysis depends on your specific needs. 

If you value speed, cost-efficiency, and the ability to make on-the-spot decisions, portable analysis could be the perfect solution for your business. 

On the other hand, if your project demands the highest level of accuracy and comprehensive data, lab analysis may be more suitable. 
For expert advice and to explore the range of portable analytical devices available, get in touch with Portable Analytical Solutions today. Our team is here to help you find the right tools for your needs.

From Environmental Management to Mining Exploration: The Many and Varied Applications of Remote Sensing

Spectral analysis has long been used to determine the composition of materials across a range of different fields. Until recently, this was generally done in a highly targeted way, with readings usually taken from small samples. However, advances in technology have allowed both the speed and scale of this testing to increase significantly, without compromising accuracy.

This has led to even wider adoption of this technique, with remote sensing applications now spanning many different industries. 

Here we take a closer look at what this technology is, how it works, and the different ways it is being used.

What is Remote Sensing?

Also referred to as airborne hyperspectral imaging, remote sensing is an analysis technique that provides detailed compositional data for large areas. 

Using high-resolution imaging and an aerial platform, like a drone, it can quickly map vast landscapes. By combining this with advanced spectral analysis, it can also see past the visible, and accurately assess chemical and geological structures.

History of Remote Sensing

Broadly speaking, the history of remote sensing began in the 1840s, when topographic images were first taken using cameras attached to tethered balloons. This practice quickly expanded, and by World War I, cameras were being attached to the underside of planes to support reconnaissance activities.

This was taken to the next level when, in 1957, Russia launched the world’s first artificial satellite, Sputnik I. While early satellites were primarily used for weather monitoring, the opportunity for large-scale imaging of the Earth’s terrain was soon recognised. This led to the 1972 launch of what would become known as Landsat 1, the first satellite designed specifically for earth observation.

Since then, remote sensing technology has continued to advance and adapt. This was spurred on by the start of the “Drone Age” in the early 2000s, when use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) became much more widespread. This, combined with the development of more compact and lightweight spectral analysis tools has seen significant growth in the applications of remote sensing.

Common Remote Sensing Applications

Due to its speed, scope, and accuracy, remote sensing is now used in a range of industries, for a variety of purposes. Due to the depth of data it can produce, it is consistently seen as a superior option to more traditional analysis techniques.

Agricultural Operations

Farming was one of the first commercial industries to see widespread adoption of remote sensing at the individual operator level. Traditionally, factors like soil health and crop moisture had to be assessed manually, which was time-consuming and destructive. 

But now, almost every step of the growing process can be enhanced using advanced analysis techniques, without the loss of a single grain.

Early adoption of this technology saw UAVs being used to map farmland and monitor for obvious signs of infestations and diseases. The addition of spectral sensors has further developed this practice, enabling careful monitoring of crop health, soil quality, and crop moisture and nutrient levels. This has led to the development of precision agriculture practices, designed to increase productivity, boost yields, and improve sustainability.

Practical applications of remote sensing in agriculture include collecting and analysing the detailed data required to optimise farm management, as well as more specific applications like helping to fight citrus blight.

Mining Exploration

In the mining industry, accurate and detailed compositional analysis can quite literally be as good as gold. While extraction activities can be extremely lucrative, they can also be very expensive to set up and operate. As such, you need to be sure that the investment will be worth it.

Traditionally, this has meant extensive sample collection and laboratory testing to confirm the presence of valuable minerals in a site. 

However, even the most robust manual testing programs could not provide a reliable assessment of the size and potential value of a mineral deposit. This is where remote sensing technologies have really changed the game.

In addition to identifying valuable minerals in much smaller concentrations, spectral analysis can also identify the shape and size of a deposit. This supports a more accurate calculation of its value and better decision-making about where to invest. 

It can also help inform the selection of the optimal extraction sites and methods, making mining operations much more efficient.

By attaching sensors to a UAV, the speed and scope of analysis activities can be significantly increased. You also enable the safe assessment of sites that are difficult or dangerous to access on the ground.

Environmental Monitoring

As our focus on sustainability and preservation increases, so does the need for reliable data on the true state of our environment. 

Historically, this data has been limited by the extremely expensive and time-consuming collection process. However, remote sensing overcomes many of the barriers facing manual analysis, making it much quicker and easier to gather invaluable environmental insights.

Regular monitoring of sensitive landscapes allows changes to be tracked and interventions planned to slow degradation. 

Analysis of at-risk ecosystems enables us to evaluate their health and detect contamination or the presence of invasive species. Plus, measurement of the density and composition of vegetation can provide important insight into the state of forests and other critical green spaces.

Practical applications of remote sensing in environment research include coastal exploration projects and monitoring of the Great Barrier Reef for signs of coral bleaching.

Defence Activities

Since the earliest days of the technology, the military applications of remote sensing have been heavily explored. 

While the applications within defence remain largely the same – primarily surveillance and reconnaissance – the analysis that is now possible is far more advanced. This includes the ability to detect small changes in terrain and other evidence of concealed objects and infrastructure.

Choosing the Right Equipment for Your Remote Sensing Requirements

Whatever you are planning to use remote sensing for, the Nano HP is up to the task. 

The evolution of the industry-leading Nano Hyperspec system, the Nano HP is compact and low-weight, while still being robust and feature-packed. Available as an integration for compatible aerial vehicles, or as part of a turnkey system, it is sure to suit your needs.For more information on remote sensing applications, or to discuss what the Nano HP could do for you, contact our expert team today.

Over the last few decades, sustainability has become an increasing focus for commercial and industrial operations across the world. As a result, there has been widespread adoption of resource conservation activities, like the recovery and recycling of metal. 

This is particularly true here in Australia, where scrap metal is now a multi-billion dollar industry.

While recycling scrap metal has both environmental and economic benefits, it also presents a range of unique challenges. Most significantly, careful analysis and sorting are required to identify and correctly manage contaminated scrap metal. 

Failing to do this can have serious operational, environmental, and social consequences.

In this article, we will take a closer look at the many and varied risks associated with contaminated scrap metal. From health issues to financial impacts, we will explore what these risks are and how they are best managed.

What is Contaminated Scrap Metal?

From a recovery and recycling perspective, contaminated scrap is metal that contains other elements that make it unsuitable for processing. 

Often, the contaminant is fairly innocuous, like paint or dirt, and the metal can be easily cleaned. However, some contaminants, like asbestos and radioactive material, are much more serious and significantly harder to remove.

The Dangers of Contaminated Scrap Metal

The exact risks posed by contaminated scrap metal will depend on the nature of the contamination. Where some contaminants will only impact the value of the metal, others will make the metal dangerous to handle and process. 

Common dangers associated with contaminated scrap metal include:

Risk to Health

There are a number of contaminants that can result in serious health complications if they are not handled correctly.

Most obviously, exposure to metal that is contaminated with asbestos increases the risk of mesothelioma, an aggressive form of cancer. This is a particular concern in construction and steelworking environments, where asbestos coatings were once widely used to improve heat resistance. 

While asbestos was made illegal in 2003, metals produced before this time – and particularly before the 1980s – may still contain traces of asbestos.

Chromium 6 is another common scrap metal contaminant, as it is widely used in paints and coatings to help prevent corrosion. 

Direct exposure to this material can cause irritation of the skin and damage to the eyes. When inhaled, Chromium 6 can also result in asthma-like symptoms and increase the risk of developing lung cancer.

It is also possible for scrap metal to be contaminated with radioactive materials, though this is less common in Australia. The main sources of these metals are the industrial processing, mining, oil and gas, and medical fields. 

The impact of exposure to these materials will depend on the nature and strength of the radionuclide present but could include an increased risk of cancer.

Risk to Environment

If scrap metal is not properly identified and disposed of, contaminants like lead and mercury can leach into the soil and groundwater.

This pollutes the site, impacting the health of the local ecosystem and potentially limiting future uses of the area. It can also harm local plant and animal life, particularly if contaminants spread to nearby bodies of water (rivers, dams, etc.).

If they are not identified and removed prior, contaminants can also be released during the recycling process. 

To make it easier and more efficient to melt, once scrap metal has been collected and sorted, it is shredded. As the material is broken up, any contaminants are released, creating dust that impacts air quality and, depending on the contaminant, polluting the local environment.

Risk to Safety

Depending on how it was used and what it has been treated with, contaminated scrap metal can be combustible or explosive. This is particularly true if it has been pressurised, mixed or coated with flammable materials, or has significant rust build-up. 

It is crucial that these materials are identified, monitored, and handled correctly, including being kept away from welding and grinding activities.

The Costs of Contaminated Scrap Metal

In addition to potentially being dangerous, contaminated scrap metal can also be costly – both financially and operationally. Again, the exact impact will depend on what the contaminant is, but common costs include:

Reduced Resale Value

In addition to being good for the environment, there are also significant financial benefits associated with scrap metal recycling. 

For most commercial and industrial operations, these usually come from the sale of scrap materials to processing facilities. They can also be quite lucrative and help offset the cost of ongoing equipment and plant maintenance, repair, and upgrade activities.

However, scrap metal resale rates depend on its type, volume, and quality, and most facilities will conduct testing prior to purchase.

If contamination is identified, depending on what the contaminant is, the scrap may still be able to be sold. However, the price offered will be adjusted to reflect the additional work that will be required to clean and process the material.

Increased Handling Costs

Prior to sale, scrap metal needs to be recovered and sorted based on the type of metal (steel, copper, etc.). As part of this process, testing is often done to determine the exact composition of the material and identify any contamination. 

As contaminated scrap metal needs to be managed differently, its presence slows the sorting process, making it both less efficient and more expensive.

Scrap Metal Sorting Made Easy

There are a range of tools that can aid in the identification and management of contaminated scrap metals.

For asbestos screening, you can’t go past the lightweight, but powerful microPHAZIR AS. Using NIR technology, it can identify 6 different types of regulated asbestos fibres, and testing is quick, affordable, and non-destructive.

For everything else, there’s the Niton XL2 Plus. Able to detect elements from Magnesium to Uranium, as well as tramp and trace elements, it makes scrap metal identification fast, accurate, and reliable.

For more information on managing contaminated scrap metal, or to discuss the right tool for your analysis requirements, contact us today.

The Many Applications of FTIR Spectroscopy

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy is one of a handful of techniques commonly used to analyse the molecular structure of different materials. While its adoption may be more recent than other, similar techniques, its use has quickly become more widespread. 

This is largely due to the unique benefits that this type of analysis can provide.

Here we take a closer look at the applications of FTIR spectroscopy across several key industries. As part of this, we also explore why FTIR is the preferred technique for such a wide range of analysis activities.

How does FTIR spectroscopy work?

Every material interacts with different wavelengths of light in its own unique way.

Acknowledging this, FTIR spectroscopy works by applying mid-infrared light (approximately 4000-400 cm^-1) to a sample. The absorption of different wavelengths is then measured and interpreted to provide a detailed analysis of the molecular composition.

As part of the interpretation, the Fourier transform mathematical function is used to convert the detector signal from a time domain to a frequency domain. This allows the entire spectrum to be analysed simultaneously, rather than on an individual wavelength basis.

Strengths of FTIR spectroscopy

When compared to other, similar techniques, FTIR spectroscopy offers a few unique benefits.

Most significantly, being able to analyse the full spectra simultaneously increases the speed and efficiency of testing. As most other techniques analyse individual wavelengths, multiple readings are needed to collect the same data as a single test using FTIR spectroscopy. FTIR testing has been made even easier by the introduction of handheld tools, which allow analysis to be quickly completed on-site.

The breadth of analysis also means FTIR spectroscopy generally provides more accurate results than other similar techniques. It can also provide a more detailed breakdown of the composition of a sample. This includes the identification of both the nature and concentration of trace elements and potential contaminants.

Applications of FTIR Spectroscopy

Acknowledging the accuracy of results and level of detail provided, the applications of Fourier Transform spectroscopy have grown quickly, as new industries embrace this technique. This has been spurred on by the introduction of handheld FTIR tools, which have revolutionised many different types of testing.

Some of the most common applications of Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy include:

Identification of valuable minerals

In the high-risk, high-reward mining industry, reliable data on the mineral composition of a site is invaluable. From exploration and operational design to extraction and ongoing management, mineral analysis plays a crucial role throughout the mining process. 

FTIR spectroscopy is one of a few tools that is widely used to inform both exploration and operational activities.

During the exploration phase, it can help assess both the quality and quantity of valuable minerals present in an area. By providing a detailed analysis of the overall site composition, it also supports accurate calculation of the potential value of a deposit and planning of optimal extraction methods.

Once mining activity has begun, regular FTIR testing can help provide important insight into operational performance. By analysing mineral concentration and purity in mined materials, it helps track output against projections and informs decisions on future mine activities.

Monitoring of quality in agricultural environments

Soil quality is a major consideration for agricultural businesses, with quality improvements linked to increased yields and more efficient farming operations. FTIR spectroscopy provides an accurate assessment of the nutrient profile of soil, allowing producers to optimise their activities and plan effective land management interventions.

The accuracy of FTIR testing means it can also identify contaminants, even at low levels. This limits the risk of harmful substances, like heavy metals and toxic chemicals, transferring to produce and posing a threat to human health.

Testing of polymers and surface coatings

In Australia, the categorisation of polymers is a key component of their regulation and management. As part of this, testing is required to understand their chemical composition and the potential impact on human health.

More than just meeting regulatory requirements, the detailed analysis provided by FTIR spectroscopy also supports quality assurance in polymer manufacturing. Once a clear profile of the required chemical composition has been established, regular testing can be used to ensure this standard is maintained.

It also supports the early identification of potentially harmful contaminants, both in polymers and surface coatings. Understanding the chemical makeup can also help you determine important properties of these materials, like their thermal stability.

Detection of degradation

As some materials age, their chemical structure begins to break down and produce new materials, known as degradation products. 

For example, many paints are made up of inorganic pigments and oil-based binding agents, which degrade into metal soaps over time. FTIR spectroscopy can be used to analyse these soaps, providing important details about the paint’s history and informing conservation plans.

Similarly, as many metals and polymers age, their density decreases, and degradation products (like rust) can form. This impacts the performance of these materials and, depending on how they are being used, can pose safety risks. FTIR testing can help identify early signs of degradation and support planning of proactive maintenance and repair works.

Authenticating artworks and artefacts

Some experts claim that up to 40% of “big name” artworks for sale at any given time are fakes. 

Given the significant sums of money involved in these sales, there is a lot of interest in weeding out the forgeries. FTIR spectroscopy can assist with this, helping to confirm the age of different objects and identifying the scope and nature of any restoration works.

By analysing the chemical makeup, FTIR testing allows art experts to match the materials used with the alleged age of a piece. For metallic artefacts, the level of degradation can also be measured to determine its likely history. 

Importantly, because FTIR is non-destructive, this testing can be done without damaging the potentially priceless object.

Choosing the best FTIR device for your needs

Whatever application of FTIR spectroscopy you require, the Agilent 4300 Handheld FTIR is the tool for the job. 

With its lightweight design and point-and-shoot functionality, it is easy to see why this is the most popular portable FTIR device on the market. It is also highly versatile, with an interchangeable interface that allows you to easily switch between applications.

For more information on how FTIR spectroscopy could help you, or to purchase your own Agilent 4300, contact us today.

Is There an Alternative to Mineral Analysis Laboratories? Introducing Portable NIR

Mineral analysis laboratories have long played a critical role in the mining exploration process. 

Supporting both greenfield and brownfield activities, the data they produce has informed everything from investment decisions to production design. And, with mining being such big business here in Australia, the economic impact of their output can be enormous.

However, over recent years, there has been an increasing interest in finding reliable alternatives to lab testing. In particular, there has been a push to identify solutions that support on-site analysis and provide reliable, credible data quickly and more cost-effectively.

Are There Portable Analysis Solutions for Testing Minerals?

Tools that can support on-site chemical analysis have been in use in some environments, like defence and agriculture, since the late 1990s. However, as the data they produced was of a notably lower quality than what could be achieved through lab testing, adoption was limited.

Thankfully, this technology has advanced significantly over the last couple of decades. As a result, the quality of analysis that can be carried out using handheld tools is now on par with lab testing.

Limitations of Lab Testing

While lab testing of mineral samples provides many benefits, it also presents some challenges for modern mining exploration operations.

Inconvenient Sample Preparation

Most significantly, samples need to be collected, prepared, and sent to the lab for analysis. Depending on the number of samples required, this can be an extremely time-consuming process. It can also take weeks for samples to be analysed and results to be provided, which inhibits the speed of exploration activities.

High Cost for Results

There is also a cost associated with both the preparation and analysis of each sample. This makes quantitative analysis a prohibitively expensive exercise, particularly across larger areas, and means exploration efforts need to be quite targeted. This is further exacerbated by the limited capacity of most labs, which generally cannot be scaled up to meet increased testing requirements.

Destructive Testing

Most lab testing is also destructive, which means that the sample is damaged as part of the analysis process. While the amount of material destroyed is generally nominal when compared to the total deposit volume, this wastage still adds to the overall cost of lab testing activities.

How Portable Analysis Compares

As the quality of data produced by portable analysis tools has increased, the other benefits these solutions provide have become more obvious. In particular, the ability to conduct testing in the field has helped significantly speed up the exploration process. 

Instant and Cost-Effective Results

As results are available almost instantly, testing what would take weeks in a lab can now be completed in just seconds in the field.

Portable analysis is also much more cost-effective than lab testing. Once you have invested in obtaining the required equipment, the ongoing operation and maintenance costs are minimal. This means that, the more you use a portable analysis tool, the lower the cost per test.

In addition to being financially beneficial, this makes quantitative analysis, even over larger areas, a much more appealing prospect. 

Unlimited Analysis

The number of tests you can complete using a portable analysis tool is virtually unlimited, allowing you to broaden the scope of your exploration activities. Most tools also support increasingly targeted testing, which means you start by casting the net wide, and allow the data to guide your efforts.

Non-Destructive Testing

Portable testing methods are also non-destructive. This means that samples do not need to be extracted or prepared before the analysis can be carried out. It also reduces wastage, further bringing down the cost of your exploration activities.

Introducing Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR)

There are several portable mineral analysis technologies that can be used to support exploration activities, with each better suited to certain applications. Among these, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, or NIR, stands out for its rapid, reliable results and wide range of applications.

As the name suggests, NIR technology makes use of wavelengths that are near the infrared region on the electromagnetic spectrum. This section of the spectrum is considered to have several key attributes that make it ideal for analysing solid, liquid, and gas samples.

Light in this range (around 350 nm – 2,500 nm) reacts to certain chemical bonds to different degrees. As such, when it is directed at samples with minerals made up of these bonds, some of it will be absorbed and some of it will be reflected. Exactly what is absorbed will depend on the chemical makeup of the sample.

NIR technology measures these varying absorption rates and uses them to identify the composition of a sample. It also analyses the intensity of the reflected light to determine the concentration of key minerals.

Within the mining exploration context, NIR is the best choice when speed and quantity are the priority. NIR tools allow you to quickly develop a picture of the main minerals present across a large area. They can also measure the moisture content and identify air pockets, which can help inform calculations of the deposit value and optimal processing method.

Choosing the Right NIR Device

As portable NIR tools have evolved, adoption of the technology has increased significantly, and it is now widely used across several fields. A range of different devices have also been developed to suit the various applications of this analysis method. As such, it is important to make sure you choose a device that is designed for how you plan to use it.

The ASD TerraSpec 4 Hi-Res

If you are looking for a device to support your exploration activities, the TerraSpec 4 Hi-Res is for you. 

Trusted by top geologists, this rugged tool uses full-range near-infrared technology to analyse geological composition quickly and accurately. With standard and high-resolution options available, it is suitable for both mineral exploration and production quality assurance applications.

For more information on how NIR technology could help you reduce your reliance on mineral analysis laboratories, or to order your own TerraSpec 4 Hi-Res analyser, contact the PAS team today.

If you would like to try before you buy, we also offer a wide selection of portable analytical solutions for rent. All of our equipment is maintained by factory-certified engineers and comes with expert training and technical support.

Elemental Assay in Mining Explained

Working out the volume and quality of deposits is one of the biggest challenges prospectors and mine operators need to overcome. Assay techniques can help with this, allowing the concentration of valuable minerals and metals to be calculated. 

Assay in mining also has important financial implications, providing crucial insight into the economic viability of a project and the investment potential for an operator.

Here we take a closer look at what assay is and the role it plays within the mining industry. We also explore the different techniques that can be used and share our advice on selecting the right tool for your assay needs.

What is Assay in Mining?

Assay is an analytical process that determines the composition of a substance and the concentration of specific elements. In addition to its use within the mining industry, it also has medical, chemical, and environmental applications. 

Assay results are also sought out by finance and investment professionals to help determine the potential performance of businesses operating in these spaces.

How Assay Techniques Support Mining Activities

As the data they produce informs a wide range of important decisions, assay techniques are used throughout the mining life cycle.

Assay During Exploration

The initial stages of any mining project are all about finding deposits and confirming the economic viability of their retrieval. To make this calculation, operators need an understanding of the size of the deposit (tonnage), quality of materials (grade), and operating costs (mining method and ease of processing).

At this stage, assay techniques are used to help determine the potential value of the mineral or ore body. They do this by providing data on the quality and quantity of materials present in a chosen site. This information is then used to model the deposit, including the likely tonnage and grade.

Assay techniques are equally important to both greenfield and brownfield exploration activities.

Assay During Operation

Once mining activity has begun, assay techniques continue to be important.

The composition of mined material needs to be closely monitored, as it informs the optimal processing method. Significant changes in composition can also impact the planning of future mining activities, so need to be identified early.

Ongoing measurement of the concentration of target elements is also required to determine the actual value being realised from mining activities. This informs the calculation of operational efficiency and discussions around the financial viability of the mine.

Assay in Support of Environmental Compliance

All mining operations need to adhere to a range of regulations and guidelines designed to minimise environmental impacts, among other things. These include strict controls regarding the management of pollutants and contaminants.

Assay techniques allow mining operators to monitor soil and water quality to ensure it meets the required standards. Regular testing also supports the early identification of potential issues (like runoff), allowing them to be rectified or managed before they cause significant damage.

Common Elemental Assay Techniques

There are three main techniques used for assay in mining, each with its own strengths and considerations.

Pyrometallurgical Assay

This technique and has been used for thousands of years. It uses heat to extract raw materials from a sample, which can then be weighed to determine concentration. Traditionally performed using fire, modern methods use high-temperature lab furnaces to process gold, silver, and most platinum group metals.

While the exact process varies depending on the target element, this technique usually involves:

1. Crushing and grinding a sample into a fine powder
2. Adding dry powder chemicals – usually a fluxing agent and alloying material
3. Placing the material in a cupel – a small bowl made out of a refractory material like magnesite or bone ash
4. Heating the sample until it forms a glass-like slag
5. Allowing the material to cool and separate – the non-precious elements will either oxidise or be absorbed into the cupel

This produces a small bead, known as a prill, which is made up of all the precious metal present in the original sample. The concentration of the target element is then calculated by weighing the prill and comparing it to the weight of the initial sample.

How Viable is Pyrometallurgical Assay?

Compared to other methods, this technique can be quite complex, time-consuming, and expensive, particularly when multiple samples need to be processed. The manual nature of multiple steps and the destructiveness of the treatment also means that the accuracy of results can vary.

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)

This is one of the oldest, commercially-developed analysis techniques, with the modern version largely refined by Australian scientists in the 1950s. It is based on the principle that specific atoms absorb light at unique wavelengths, and that the amount of light absorbed indicates the concentration.

For this technique, a sample usually needs to be dissolved in a liquid solution. While some AAS methods can be used on solid materials, these usually need to be crushed and ground into a fine powder first. Samples also need to be atomised, which is generally done using a flame or graphite tube.

Once atomised, samples are then irradiated, either by an element-specific line or continuum radiation source. The amount of light absorbed by the sample is measured and the concentration of the target element is determined.

How Viable is Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy?

As a specialised instrument is used to complete most of the steps, this process is fairly simple and reliable. That said, the requirement for initial preparation of the sample creates the potential for inconsistency in results.

X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analysis

This technique has increased in popularity in recent years, following significant developments in analysis technology. It shares several similarities with AAS, including using unique “fingerprints” to measure the concentration of specific elements. 

XRF analysers determine the chemistry of a sample by measuring the fluorescent or secondary X-ray emitted when excited by a primary X-ray source. 

This dislodges an electron from the atom’s inner shell. As the irradiated atom regains stability, an electron from the higher orbital shell will replace the dislodged electron, emitting an X-ray in the process which can be measured to provide insight about the element the atom belongs to, including positive identification and characteristics. 

Every element present in a sample produces a unique set of characteristic fluorescent X-rays (the fingerprint), which is why XRF spectroscopy is often used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of material composition.

How Viable is X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis?

This technique provides a few important benefits that the other techniques can’t match:

• Portable and easy to complete – analysis can be done on-site using handheld devices
• Fast results can be delivered in seconds without lengthy sample preparation or lab turnaround times
• Non-destructive and can be completed on solid samples
• Enables simultaneous detection of multiple elements 
• Lower detection limits mean it can be used to identify and quantify the presence of Rare Earth Elements and Lithium Pathfinders

Choosing the Right Tool – Introducing the XL5 Plus

The unique benefits of XRF make this technique a standout for a wide range of elemental assay requirements. The Niton XL5 Plus is the premier instrument for performing fast, reliable XRF analysis.

The lightweight, ergonomic design of this handheld device makes it perfect for use on-site. Its easy-to-use navigation can be customised to suit a variety of applications, from mineral exploration to supporting mining operations. It is also powerful enough to detect:

• Metals
• Alloys
• Trace elements
• Geochemical data
• The elemental composition of powders, oils, sludge, and slurries

If you are interested in getting your hands on this invaluable bit of gear, contact the Portable Analytical Solutions (PAS) team today.

Not ready to commit to purchasing? We also offer a range of devices for rent.

Our rental equipment is fully licensed, maintained by Australia’s only factory-trained and certified engineers, and suitable for assay in mining. 

Our experienced team is also available throughout the rental period to provide testing advice and technical and application support.

Finding Buried Treasure: The Stages of Mineral Exploration Explained

The Australian landscape is renowned for being mineral rich and mining operations here have the potential to be quite lucrative. 

However, the country is also extremely vast, making it difficult to identify deposits, particularly of the scale required to make mining economically viable. That’s why experienced prospectors maximise their chances of success by working through several structured stages of mineral exploration.

This process is designed to confirm the quality and quantity of minerals present in an area as efficiently as possible. It generally starts with lower-impact activities and only moves on to more invasive – and expensive – measures if certain criteria are met. This helps limit unnecessary impact on the environment and reduces both the risk and scale of wasted investment.

How are Valuable Minerals Located?

There are a range of characteristics that areas with significant mineral deposits share. Some of these are visible to the trained eye, though most can only be identified through deeper analysis using specialist tools. 

The different stages of the mineral exploration process look for these signs, using increasingly advanced techniques to confirm the exact make-up of the deposit.

Please note: In this article, we focus on the practical steps required to identify, extract, and process mineral deposits. If you are looking to follow these steps, there are some administrative requirements you also need to meet. This includes finding funding and securing the appropriate licences from the relevant State Government department (e.g. the Department of Regional NSW or Resources Victoria).

Working through the Stages of Mineral Exploration

The exact process you need to follow to identify and analyse a mineral deposit will depend on a range of different factors. 

For example, the specific tests you need to perform will be largely based on the mineral you are looking to extract. The geology of the area may also influence the design of both your surveying and extraction activities.

That being said, most mineral exploration projects go through several key stages, which are outlined below.

Initial Mapping and Surveying

You start by carefully examining the area for common indicators of a mineral deposit. This may include mapping the site’s geology, including the location and orientation of exposed rocks. It often also involves water and soil testing to identify sediments present on the surface of the site.

You can then graduate to more advanced surveying methods to get a more detailed view of the minerals present. 

Near-Infrared (NIR) Surveying 

Near-infrared (NIR) surveying in mineral exploration utilises spectral signatures of minerals in the near-infrared range to map their distribution across large areas. 

Analysis devices collect NIR data, enabling rapid identification of specific mineral absorption features and the creation of maps. Overall, it offers a quick and efficient approach to locating potential mineral deposits for further investigation.

Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Surveying

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) surveying identifies and characterises minerals by analysing their unique infrared absorption spectra, and uses the Fourier Transform method to analyse impressively wide spectra. 

FTIR is particularly useful for mapping mineral distributions and identifying alteration minerals associated with ore deposits.

Magnetic Surveying

A magnetometer is used to identify subtle variations in the Earth’s magnetic field. This helps you analyse rock types and determine the presence of metallic minerals.

Electromagnetic Surveying

An electromagnetic field is used to identify subtle variations in the conductivity of the near-surface rocks and soil. This helps you analyse groundwater and salinity, and locate deposits of metallic minerals.

Radiometric Surveying

A spectrometer is used to measure the gamma rays emanating from the top 30cm of earth. Widely considered the most reliable surveying method, this helps you analyse the composition of surface rock and soil, and determine the presence of a range of minerals.

Gravity Surveying

A gravimeter is used to identify subtle variations in the Earth’s gravitational field. This helps you analyse the thickness of rock in the crust and determine the presence of certain minerals and energy sources.

If your exploration area is quite large or difficult to access, low-flying helicopters or aircraft can be used to carry out airborne surveys, or if smaller, ground-based surveying may be more appropriate and effective.

Targeted Drilling and Sampling

If the results of initial exploration activities are positive, targeted testing can help you confirm the presence of a mineral deposit. In particular, core drilling allows you to access below the surface of the site and see what materials are present. 

The depth you need to drill down will depend on your surveying results and will progressively increase as you confirm the presence (or not) of minerals.

Before proceeding to the next stage, you may also choose to carry out bulk sampling. This is quite an invasive process that requires the extraction of a large volume of material to enable further testing. However, it can provide invaluable information on both the quality and quantity of minerals present.

Alternatively, using portable NIR and FTIR analysis devices can shortcut this process because of their ability to take highly accurate, fast and non-invasive readings of samples.  

Detailed Modelling and Design

Using the data gathered through your exploration activities, you can develop intricate models of the size and structure of the mineral deposit. 

These can then be used to help you decide whether to proceed with mining the site. And, if you do, your modelling can also help you optimise the design of your mining activities and infrastructure.

Mineral Extraction and Processing

There are many different ways to get minerals out of the ground, and mining techniques and technologies are constantly evolving. 

Whichever approach you choose, you should expect to invest significant time and money into setting up your operations. You will also need to validate production levels against your modelling and begin further exploration activities well before you reach depletion.

There is also constant innovation in mineral processing, which is helping to increase efficiency, reduce waste, and minimise health and environmental risks.

Choosing the Right Tools for the Job

Having the right equipment at your disposal will make it much easier to progress through the stages of mineral exploration. At Portable Analytical Solutions, we understand this and have the perfect products to help with your exploration efforts:

The ASD TerraSpec 4 

The ASD TerraSpec 4 is a favourite of top geologists, allowing mineralogical analysis to be completed quickly and precisely. A spectrometer that uses near-infrared technology, it provides the highest quality spectral results, supporting the accurate analysis of minerals, even at low concentrations.

The Agilent 4300 Handheld FTIR™

The Agilent 4300 Handheld FTIR™ provides the ultimate combination of convenience, durability, usability, and accuracy. A spectrometer that focuses on the mid-infrared range, it is the ideal complement to the ASD, enabling detailed analysis across a wider spectral range.

For more information on these tools, or to purchase your own, contact the PAS team today.

XRF, NIR and FTIR: Your Complete Mining Solution

In the high-stakes world of Australian mining, accurate and reliable analysis is the bedrock of success.

With evolving technologies, the mining industry has seen a remarkable shift towards non-destructive, portable analysis tools that promise to revolutionise the way you explore, extract and analyse valuable resources.

This article delves into the importance of robust analytical solutions and explores the three most popular and effective technologies: XRF, NIR and FTIR.

What Are The Best Mining Analysis Technologies?

Both greenfield and brownfield mining operations demand precise insights into elemental composition and mineral content.

Robust, portable and non-destructive analysis technologies like XRF, NIR and FTIR empower your team with real-time data that informs critical decisions on-site.

But rather than thinking about them as competing technologies, think of them as complementary.

Each technology is better suited for different applications, so instead of asking which one is better, ask whether XRF, NIR or FTIR are more suited to your needs.

1. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)

What is XRF?

X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) is a non-destructive analytical technique to determine the elemental composition of materials, making it ideal for elemental analysis. Handheld XRF or Portable XRF (PXRF) is now widely used across the mining industry for real-time, in-field mining analysis.

How does XRF work?

XRF analysers determine the chemistry of a sample by measuring the fluorescent or secondary X-ray emitted when excited by a primary X-ray source.

Every element present in a sample produces a unique set of characteristic fluorescent X-rays (also called a “fingerprint”), which is why XRF spectroscopy is often used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of material composition.

Learn more about XRF.

2. Near-Infrared (NIR)

What is NIR Spectroscopy?

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy is an accurate, reliable, rapid and non-destructive analysis method that requires no sample preparation. NIR is one of the most used procedures as it is both efficient and has a wide range of applications across mining, medicine, agriculture and many other industries.

How does NIR work?

NIR Spectroscopy instruments detect the molecular overtone and combination variations of the specific wavelengths of NIR light absorbed by specific organic molecules.

NIR is best used for mineral analysis in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from about 350 nm to 2500 nm) to identify compounds and materials.

Learn more about NIR.

3. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)

What is FTIR Spectroscopy?

FTIR is named for its use of the Fourier transform mathematical process. It is a versatile extension of existing Infrared techniques that provides fast, accurate results in a unique spectral range. This makes it especially complementary when paired with NIR. FTIR is ideal for mineral analysis in the mid-infrared region (4000-400 cm-1).

How does FTIR work?

FTIR uses the mathematical transform called the Fourier Transform, which decomposes functions depending on space or time into functions depending on spatial or temporal frequency. FTIR technology converts raw data into an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid or gas.

Learn more about FTIR

The Complete Solution: a Combination of XRF, NIR and FTIR

While each technology shines in its specific domain, the ultimate solution for comprehensive mining analysis is to harness the power of all three.

Together, XRF, NIR and FTIR technologies provide an unrivalled spectral range, covering elemental, mineral, and molecular analyses. This synergy guarantees that your team is equipped with the most versatile toolkit in the industry, adaptable to the evolving demands of mining exploration and processing.

The Leading Analysis Tools for XRF, NIR and FTIR

XRF: The Niton XL5 Plus Handheld XRF Analyser

The XL5 Plus allows the X-ray source and fluorescence detector to be closer to the sample, improving the limits of detection and shortening measurement time, especially for light elements and rare earth elements (REE).

The Niton XL5 Plus is a compact, lightweight handheld XRF analyser built for the most demanding analytical applications that efficiently measures the elemental composition of all metals, scale, sludge, oil, powders and slurries and other geochemical applications.

Learn more: Niton XL5 Plus Handheld XRF Analyser

NIR: The ASD TerraSpec 4 NIR Spectrometer

The TerraSpec 4 is trusted by top geologists for performing fast, precise geological exploration, using full-range near-infrared technology.

With enhanced optics providing even higher-quality spectral results, the improved data quality of the TerraSpec analyser allows for accurate assessment of low-concentration and low-reflectance minerals.

Learn more: ASD TerraSpec 4 NIR Spectrometer

FTIR: The Agilent 4300 Handheld FTIR

The Agilent 4300 Handheld FTIR spectrometer offers an unrivalled combination of convenience, portability, ruggedness and versatility. It is light enough (just 2 kg) for easy transport, yet sturdy enough to handle challenging conditions.

With high-performance optics, hardware design and an excellent user experience, the Agilent 4300 is the perfect tool for on-the-spot non-destructive testing in any environment.

Learn more: Agilent 4300 Handheld FTIR

Purchase Your Complete Mining Solution Today

Ensuring your team has the right mining tools is the most important step toward ensuring effective mining analysis. Without it, significant time, resources, and reputation will be exhausted.

By incorporating the XL5 Plus for elemental analysis, the TerraSpec for mineral analysis in the near-infrared region and the Agilent 4300 for mid-infrared mineral analysis, you gain a comprehensive solution that ensures you’re ready for any challenge in the field.

Get in touch with our experienced team at Portable Analytical Solutions today to purchase any or all of these devices as a complete set of complementary mining analysis tools.