How XRF Converts X-Ray Signals into Concentration Data
In XRF analysis, a solid or liquid sample is irradiated with high-energy X-rays. This causes atoms in the sample to emit secondary fluorescent X-rays at energies that are characteristic of specific elements.
The analyser reads these emissions as a spectrum. Each peak position corresponds to an element, and the peak height or intensity is generally related to that element’s concentration. Software in the analyser then interprets the spectrum using calibration data, correction models, and known material behaviour to report concentrations, often as percentages, parts per million, or grade values.
Reliable concentration results depend on the sample, the analyser setup, and the application. Surface condition, particle size, moisture, matrix effects, test time, and calibration choice can all influence the result. In field use, handheld XRF is commonly used where rapid, non-destructive elemental composition is required, including alloys, ores, powders, slurries, oils, scale, and related materials.
Assessing XRF for Elemental Analysis
For a deeper explanation of the measurement process, see PAS’s guide to X-Ray Fluorescence technology. To compare suitable instruments, explore the available handheld XRF analysers from Portable Analytical Solutions, or get in touch to discuss your sample type and analysis requirements.